稀土微肥氯化镨调控马铃薯生长发育及抗旱的生理机制

为提高马铃薯抗旱性，选择增施适量的稀土微肥氯化镨水溶液，旨在探究氯化镨增强马铃薯抗旱性的生理机制。本试验以马铃薯品种“大西洋”为材料，以土壤质量含水量的32%~35%（Water-CK）、23%~25%（Water-1）和15%~18%（Water-2）为3个水分梯度，分别浇灌0、30、60、90、120 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1 PrCl₃水溶液，测定了苗期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及成熟期株高、茎粗等生长指标。结果表明：随土壤质量含水量的减少，马铃薯幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量、相对电导率及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别升高了33.81%、101.12%、136.28%、46.11%、145.37%、59.84%和63.13%；马铃薯成熟期株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重显著降低，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别降低了3.91%、12.36%、30.17%、38.05%、30.00%和36.40%。在Water-2处理下，当PrCl₃浓度为90 mg·L^-1时，马铃薯叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分别较未增施PrCl₃水溶液提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%，MDA 含量、O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂产生速率及相对电导率分别降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%，抗氧化酶（SOD,POD,CAT）活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%，成熟期马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重分别增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。干旱胁迫下增施适量稀土微肥氯化镨可提高幼苗植株细胞内渗透调节物质含量，增强抗氧化酶活性，减少自由基的积累，缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗生长发育造成的损伤，提高植株生产力，增强抗旱性。     

盐胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以银叶向日葵ARG1807（Wt）为供试材料，陕葵2号的保持系（HA）和恢复系（HL）为对照材料，利用250 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫处理7 d，分析供试材料与对照材料盐胁迫前后的形态变化以及叶片中的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及SOD活性等生理指标差异，探究银叶向日葵耐盐的形态和生理基础。结果表明：（1）Wt的株高、叶面积增量以及根、茎、叶生物量分别比未进行NaCl胁迫处理植株（对照，CK）减少24.53%、38.21%、2.59%、5.50%、3.42%，其变化幅度小于HA和HL。(2) 在盐胁迫处理下，各向日葵品种的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）均显著下降，而气孔限制值（Ls）显著上升，说明HA、HL与Wt净光合速率降低主要是由于气孔因素。（3）在盐胁迫下，3个向日葵品种叶片的脯氨酸含量（Pro）、丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）均发生了显著变化，其中，Wt的脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、POD活性以及CAT活性分别比CK增加279.94%、65.09%、211.11%和55.91%，高于HA 和HL，而MDA含量比CK增加231.10%，低于HA。（4）随着时间的推移，3个向日葵品种叶片失水速率均显著上升，其中，Wt的失水速率一直低于HA、HL。在失水150 min时，HA失水速率最高，达84%，Wt叶片失水最慢，失水速率为69%，说明Wt在保水能力方面具有显著优势。（5）观察向日葵叶片表型发现：Wt的叶片表皮毛长度长，密度明显多于HA和HL，推测这可能是Wt保水性强于HA和HL的原因。分析表明：在盐逆境下，形态指标和生理指标，均为银叶向日葵表现最佳，优势突出，表明其在盐逆境下具有更强的适应能力。     

Screening oat germplasm for better adaptation to cold stress in the Southern Great Plains of the United States

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. However, it is more sensitive to cold stress than other small grains. In this study, diverse oat germplasm was evaluated for winter survival across multiple years and locations in the region. Field screening started with an observation trial of 1,861 diverse genotypes in the 2012–2013 season and was followed by four seasons of replicated trials from 2013 to 2017. Selection of good winter survivors was started in 2014–2015 season. All trials were laid out in randomized complete blocks with replications of two in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, four in 2015–2016, and three in 2016–2017. Winter survival was scored in a 1‐to‐9 scale. Data were analysed for each year and location separately. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis were carried out on combined data of 35 genotypes that were commonly grown in each year and location. Highly significant (p < 0.001) variations were observed among genotypes, environments and genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI). The first three interaction principal components (IPCs) were highly significant (p < 0.001), explaining 96% of GEI. Broad sense heritability ranged from 46% to 93%, while heritability for all environments combined was relatively low (24.6%). At the end of the two cycles (2014/2015‐to‐2016/2017) of selection, mean winter survival was improved by more than 38% per cycle compared with the base population mean. Genotypes CIav 4390, CIav 6909 and CIav 7618 showed significantly higher winter survival than the standard checks Okay and Dallas. Genotypes CIav 4390 showed 20% and 35% improvement over the standard checks Okay and Dallas, respectively. Winter survival improvement in oat will remain a difficult task because of high GEI and low heritability. The identified superior genotypes will be used as crossing parents to transfer cold tolerance genes to other elite lines.     

桑叶的生理功能及在猪生产中的应用

桑叶中富含丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物和氨基酸等营养物质,具有降脂、抗氧化、降血糖等多样化功能,是良好的畜禽饲料资源.但对桑叶的重视程度不够,使得桑叶在我国未能得到大规模的开发利用,导致桑叶资源的大量浪费。文章对桑叶的生理功能和在猪生产中的应用进行相关综述。     

接骨木无性系苗期对干旱胁迫响应及抗旱性综合评价

为揭示不同种接骨木无性系的抗旱性，探讨其对干旱环境的适应能力，为干旱瘠薄山地造林提供材料。采用盆栽法进行自然干旱胁迫试验，运用主成分分析对不同处理下各无性系生理指标进行综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下，无性系PT-1的生物量增量最大，PT-2的根冠比最大。在干旱胁迫逐增情况下，细胞膜透性逐增，当干旱达到中、重度时，无性系PT-1和PT-2的细胞膜透性最小。叶绿素含量及超氧化物岐化酶活性均随干旱程度增加呈先增后降趋势。随干旱胁迫增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸均随之增大。在重度干旱胁迫下，无性系PT-1的可溶性糖含量最大。主成分分析得出，各无性系抗旱能力由强到弱为：XY-2、JY-1、XY-1、XY-3、PT-1、PT-3、PT-2。其中，XY-2、JY-1具有较强抗旱性，可初步作为抗旱材料进行后续研究。     

甘蓝型油菜耐低温生长生理生化响应机制

为提高甘蓝型油菜耐寒育种过程中的筛选效率，研究甘蓝型油菜耐低温机理，以8个不同抗寒性的甘蓝型油菜为材料，对低温条件下各材料的生物量、叶绿素、脯氨酸和相对电导率进行测定，发现在室外平均气温2.75℃时，抗性材料的生物量、叶绿素和脯氨酸的累积量都显著高于敏感材料，相对电导率没有显著差异；当平均气温7.52℃回升至12.39℃，抗性材料和敏感材料生物量的累积量无显著差异；在恒定低温10℃/4℃处理下抗性材料和敏感材料在处理前3周生物量均持续累积，但从第4周开始敏感材料新叶出现白斑，生物量减少，抗性材料老叶出现白斑，生物量维持不变。结果表明，耐低温材料在低温条件下叶绿素含量受到的影响较小，脯氨酸的积累量持续上升，具有较强的快速适应能力，在低温下具有显著的持续生长优势。     

高温干旱复合胁迫对花生幼苗生理指标的影响

为探讨高温和干旱复合胁迫下的花生幼苗对逆境的响应机制，以抗逆性存在差异的花生品种豫花9719和豫花9326为试验材料，对其幼苗进行昼夜温度为45℃/25℃、土壤含水量为35%~40%左右的高温和干旱复合胁迫处理，研究复合胁迫对花生幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：胁迫条件下，豫花9719的株高和干重分别比对照组低44.3%和30.2%，差异达极显著水平；含水量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量均低于对照，其中叶绿素a的含量低4.88%，差异达显著水平，花青素含量低18.14%，差异达极显著水平；PRI、PI、Gs、Pn值分别比其对照组低12%、50.31%、75.2%、72.3%，差异均达极显著水平；MDA含量和相对电导率分别比对照组高93.1%和29.93%，差异均达显著水平；可溶性蛋白和类黄酮含量分别比对照组高104.5%和41.00%，差异均达显著水平；SOD和CAT活性分别比对照组低0.91%和3.29%，差异不显著。豫花9326的株高比其对照组低33.6%，差异达极显著水平，干重降幅不显著；含水量、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量均比对照组低，但差异均不显著；叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量分别比对照组高19.44%和3.39%，其中叶绿素a差异达极显著水平； PRI、PI、Gs、Pn值均比对照低，差异均不显著；MDA含量和相对电导率均比对照组高，但差异均不显著；可溶性蛋白和类黄酮含量分别比对照组高271.33%和48.96%，差异均达极显著水平；SOD和CAT活性分别比对照组高70.11%和68.8%，增幅均达显著水平。推测豫花9326对高温和干旱复合胁迫的抗性较高，主要与其较为强大的抗氧化防御系统及光合系统有关。     

花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展

花生是中国重要的油料作物,其单产和总产居世界首位。新疆盐碱地耕地面积占全疆总耕地的30.12%,盐碱地严重制约了新疆农作物发展水平。本文概括了盐碱胁迫对花生种子萌发的影响、盐碱胁迫对花生生长及生理特性的影响、花生对盐碱胁迫的响应机制,提出了缓解盐碱胁迫的相应措施,总结了花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展,最后指出了未来新疆盐碱地区花生的发展方向,并提出了应注重土壤改良剂研发及应用的建议,同时也为该地区选育和筛选耐盐碱花生种质以及品种提供了参考。     

Effect of yeast with bacteriocin from rumen bacteria on laying performance,blood biochemistry,faecal microbiota and egg quality of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 (albusin B) on physiological state and production performance of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 26‐week‐old Single Comb White Leghorn (Hyline) laying hens were assigned into five groups including: (i) control group, (ii) yeast control (YC), (iii) 0.125% yeast with bacteriocin (0.125B), (iv) 0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (0.25B) and (v) 0.5% yeast with bacteriocin (0.5B). All supplements were added to the experimental diets of the hens from 26 to 46 weeks of age. Samples were collected every 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for blood biochemical parameters assay, and faecal samples were collected by swab for the microbiota test. The egg production performance was recorded daily, and fresh eggs were collected for quality test. The blood biochemical assay results indicated that the addition of yeast with bacteriocin decreased the AST (aspartate aminotransferase) activity and it also affects the lactate concentration in laying hen blood. The result of egg quality indicated that yeast with bacteriocin supplementation had no effect on the mass of yolk and the strength of eggshell, but it had positive effect on the laying performance under hot environment. Low concentration bacteriocin (0.125B) supplementation could decrease total yolk cholesterol. The faecal microbiota result indicated that the supplementation of bacteriocin increased the lactobacilli counts. The yeast with bacteriocin supplementation significantly decreased the clostridia counts under hot environment condition, especially in hens receiving 0.25B. Combining the data from clinic chemistry, faecal microbiota, egg production and egg quality, the 0.25B supplementation may result in the best physiological parameter and egg production performance of laying hen.